Saturday, 22 November 2014

nigerian peoples and culture



INTRODUCTION
            The part of the geographical area of West Africa that is today referred to as Nigeria came up as a result of the amalgamation of the formal residents of the place by their British colonial master, Lord Fredrick Lugard in 1914. This has an implication that before 1914 the geographical area and land mass presently referred to as Nigeria never existed; it was not in the map.
            The 1914 amalgamation was a colonial intention to unite the protectorates and peoples of this area to form a nation under a single government, although, sometimes after the amalgamation the protectorates, northern and southern were administered separately under different governments.
            The British colonial policies made the people to see themselves as strangers. Before the amalgamation, some form of civilization flourished in these areas and the peoples of this area before 1914 were not strangers to themselves; they related with each other as autonomous communities on the basis of trade, inter-marriages, war, land disputes, etc. the aim of the colonialist’s decision to amalgamate this people was to unify them and administer them as one under one government with a common goal. But the question here remains, “was the amalgamation of the two protectorates in 1914, in favour or to the advantage of a particular protectorate which would imply it is to the advantage of the other group?”
            The British by accident of history, under the influence of their colonial administrative power, amalgamated the people of the area presently known as Nigeria without the people’s concern and tagged them “Nigeria”. The name Nigeria as given by Flora Shaw who later became lady Lugard was influenced by the place’s geographical location across the river Niger basin, conquered by the royal Niger company.
            There is emphasis on the question of favoritism after the amalgamation. As it could be practically and clearly seen that all the policies and otherwise of the amalgamated people is to the advantage of the northerners. The British argument for favoring the north more than the rest of the groups cannot survive the test of logic and critical political analysis and scrutiny because even if they did it under the basis and consideration of population, one can still argue against them because the southern protectorate that was further divided into east and west are not of the same population to the north and so the answer to this question still remains on the negative. Just as a political philosopher would say, the individuals’ will are submitted to a sovereignty not to be on the advantage of a particular people but to the advantage of all but if otherwise is the case, then the purpose of the state is defeated.
            Who knows, if it’s the case that the British were trying to reward the north for their faithfulness to the British policy of the indirect rule and to punish the rest for their resistance to the policy. If this is the case, then there is a great need for Nigeria to deconstruct and reconstruct the British structure of Nigeria which they did configure to fail, consequently built on injustice and prejudices.
            The above serves as an introduction to the main concern and interest of this term paper, “would you agree with the view that there is no basis for Nigeria’s unity”. This is a question of “to be or not to be”. Before proceeding to the main concern of this term paper which was introduced in this paragraph, it would be of relevance if I make a conceptual clarification of terms as they are used and to be understood in this piece of work.
CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATION
            In this section of this paper, I intend to clarify conceptually the terms as they are used and to be understood in this work. The question: “would you agree with the view that there is no basis for Nigeria’s unity?” one needs to ask some fundamental questions that will throw more light to the understanding of the formal question. The questions could be: whose view is it that there is no basis for Nigeria’s unity? What do we mean by Nigeria, a part of the country or a holistic perspective of its geographical land mass? What do we mean by unity? These questions, if provided with an answer would be of help to the discuss of this term paper.
            When Nigeria is used in this paper it implies and connotes not a particular group or culture in the country but the whole of its people. It therefore implies that am taking a universal view of Nigeria and not a particular view of it. Unity: the concept of unity here implies the state of being in agreement and working together; bonded to form a single unit. This is a question begging for answer to know if there could still be a reason for the peoples amalgamated in 1914 by the British colonialist to still remain together as one or is there a need for separation.

MY PERSONAL VIEW OF THIS ISSUE IN QUESTION
            This question I would say is tetra headed because it can be looked at from different points of view but one needs to stick to a particular view point .This is not a question of a yes or a no because it requires a series of debate before one can come to a conclusion of a yes or a no. Nigeria, having been united, favoring a particular group calls for deconstruction and reconstruction of the British structure in order to still retain the unity as a nation, and to save the country from the great perils and dangers of partiality and injustice.
            Nigeria as its structure and default organization is today is a configuration of failure. One may be interested to know why I said so; for instance, the Nigerian coat of arm contains four capital values or virtues as the case may be. The virtues are unity and faith, peace and progress. Even when these four virtues are there, I still stand the ground with my feet to say that the virtues are incomplete without justice when it comes to the administration of a nation state. This is just an implication that because of our quest for unity, we are sacrificing justice with all our faith on the altar of peace all in the name of making progress. Let me pose this question, how do the leaders administer the nation to be united in faith for peace and progress without justice? Faith is necessary here because we need to believe in the strength of our diversity; there is unity in diversity but there cannot be peace if there is no justice and this implies that the possibility of progress is on the negative because we cannot progress without peace. It is our faith that with peace there is unity and united we make progress but there can’t be peace without justice.
            As a matter of fact, one cannot build something on nothing and expect it to stand. The structure of Nigeria today is sinking up in contradiction with what it is meant to be. Disregarding the power of God as the ultimate creator, I can say that the British did create Nigeria instead of God, and this was done on their own motives without recourse or reference to the peoples involved. Nigeria is an arbitrary creation of the British. Truly Nigeria was amalgamated in 1914 but was not integrated. Is it a case that staying together for close to 100 years implies there is unity? The answer to this question, for me is no because it is a pitiable thing that even at the eve of our centenary (1914-2014), Nigeria is still in search of Nigerians; it is still a question of to be or to depart.

THE SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS PROBLEM OF NIGERIA
            I believe that it is a case that if problems, disputes and misunderstandings were not encountered on the long run, there would be no basis on which one would be posing the question “would you agree with the view that there is no basis for Nigeria’s unity?” these problems are mostly encountered in the social, political and religious endeavors or wings of our nation. These problems have triggered many questions begging for answers.
Social problems of Nigeria
            It is absurd to say that Nigeria is being marginalized by Nigerians. The social problem of this nation state called Nigeria is on the basis of who would gain more advantage, who would be given preference over the other. Instances of this could be seen at the educational sector of the country. Why should a northerner be given more chances and granted educational amnesty over a southerner even when the latter is better in academics. For example: two candidates applying for a course in the university, one from the north and the other from the south. After formal examination, the two got the same mark or the southerner got few marks above the northerner and the northerner is granted admission at the expense of the southerner. Now the argument for this is that the northerner is educationally disadvantaged, but the question is, was it a cause of the southerner? Why the northerner should be granted educational amnesty over and against the southerner even when the formal education system is the effort of a westerner, Obafemi Awolowo, coupled with the effort of Christian missionaries.
            The example above is one of the issues that call for the question of if there is still a basis on which the country should remain united; is there a need for separation? There are similar issues at the political backgrounds of the country.
Political problems of Nigeria
            In the political administration of Nigeria, the first and major problem is that the politicians practice politics without ethics. There is no morality or it is on the minimum in Nigerian politics. Acquisition of seats in offices is all about who rigs out who. It’s tearful and very shameful that the most freest and fairest election (June 12) in the country was annulled for no just reason. This is what I would prefer to call electoral and political tragedy; injustice in the strict sense and malpractice of the highest order. The qualified and those who merit different seats in administrative offices are rather not getting it because of the political idea and concept of ‘god-fathernism’ in the country.
            Now regarding to the upcoming 2015 presidential election, the northerners under the instrumentality of Boko Haram are threatening brimstone and fire, there would be bloodshed if Jonathan should contest for the election. Is it a case that Jonathan is not eligible for the seat or that he did not meet the requirements of candidacy for presidential election? On the contrary, the Niger delta people are also given their condition for peace and that is if and only if President Goodluck Jonathan must emerge the president in 2015 presidential election. These are people speaking as if they have the monopoly and franchise of violence. These are the kind of statements that cannot help in nation building. These are the things that would not let Nigeria work. Now where are we, which stand do we take when threat is coming from different dimensions of the country? Come to think of it, power has stayed in the north for 39 years out of the 53 years of Nigeria’s independence.
            In the distribution of resources, it seems the whole revenue generated from the resources are been taking to a particular part of the country. Nigeria is a country of 36 states; 19 of these states are in the north while the remaining part of the country shares 17 states. The country has 774 local governments with the north having 419 while the remaining two parts of the country, the east and the west shares 335. I can still go further to bring it to the fore that there are 136 seats in the country’s house of representatives; 68 of these seats were given to the north in the times past as a condition to still remain in and under the fold of Nigeria while the rest groups share 68 making it 34 seats for each group, the east and west. This is what I would simply like to refer to as the 68, 34, 34 equation of the Nigeria house of representative seats allocation. If this is the case on what basis will they not win if they make a proposal in the assembly? Their proposal would always pass as far as they all supports it.
            When it comes to distribution of resources and revenue/funds, it is been done based on land mass and population. There is deliberate falsification of results and facts in order to favour a particular place for example, Kano a state in the north of the country and Lagos a state in the west were said to have the same population density in the time past. A state, Jigawa was further created out of Kano and Lagos has always remained as it was. Even after the creation of a state out of Kano, it is still taken to be a fact that Lagos and Kano are still of the same population density, taking reference from the population result of the last census. Who is fooling who? This is a pure and deliberate falsification of fact in favour of the north. The British configured everything to the advantage of the north by granting them double of anything and everything the rest of the group gets and this has been the way things are since 1914 till date.
            This is a political injustice and an administrative malpractice: Why should the government mine the crude oil from the Niger delta and went ahead to build the largest refinery in the north, Kaduna?  Revenues are awarded to states based on land mass and population and it is crystal clear that almost half of the country’s land mass is attributed to be north and they are said to be the most populated under the basis of falsified facts of population census result, and for this reason they are given the higher revenue funds even when these revenues are not generated from resources mined from their territory. The northerners are being giving undue privileges. Sharia police in the north destroyed thousand bottles of bear in their territory and at the same time, they collect more of the revenues generated from the value added tax gotten from the sales and consumption of alcohol. These are the things that are not letting Nigeria work. Sokoto state once chose their acronym to be “born to rule” though this is altered at the intervention of other groups, but the mentality and philosophy behind the coinage is still intact.
Problem of federation
            Despite the fact that the people of Nigeria were amalgamated under a common political authority by the British in 1914, the north and the south developed unevenly. At independence, Nigeria was shot through the feelings of suspicion: northerners feared domination by the more advanced southerners, who in turn feared domination by the larger north. As at then, the three main political parties derived their strength from the region each one of the controlled. The federal system of government could not contain these fears of domination which were compounded by the absence of effective national political parties committed to national integration.[1]

Religious problems
            There is freedom of worship in the country in the sense that one is free to join a religion of his choice but some religions are imposing there practices upon others for example the Islamic religion, the Muslims who think they have the monopoly  of violence that in everything they would be threatening people with violence.
            A major problem here is that religions are interfering with the government. Money are been taken from the state bag to send people to holy lands like Israel and Mecca. As I know, religion is meant for the state and not the state for the religions. Religions now are carrying out their projects through the instrumentality of the state and all in the name of the state. A typical example of this is the merging of two missionary schools of different religions together, which may be as a result of one religion trying to suppress the other.
INTEROGATING THE BASIS FOR NIGERIA’S UNITY.
            There is a base for Nigeria’s unity and I equally agree with the view that there is a basis for Nigeria’s unity. This is just a matter of accepting and appreciating our different cultural and social difference as a result of our diversity. There is unity in diversity. For the fact that the country is made up of different cultures and peoples that are very diverse in their backgrounds and orientation, and for the very fact that the country has been mal-administered in the past, taken its root from the colonial masters, does not call for separation. This very problem that has its root from the colonial Nigeria must be brought to the present context and an answer and solution must be provided to the questions and problems respectively. We need to look beyond our differentials and cultural diversity in order to see the fundamental bond of unity within us.
            We should learn how to live together, focusing on how people from childhood can be taught how to discover people, and how education can instill in them the love for diversity, the need for tolerance and respect for the rights of others. Additionally, it will help us to achieve common projects and a team spirit as a nation. There is equally a need to reform the administrative system of the country. In reforming the administrative system of the country, it would require a comprehensive reform package that will include political restructuring of the country, economic independence of the states and a diversification of the country’s sources of generating revenue and funds for the economy.[2]
            It is not the case that Nigeria is not working because of the diversity she has. Nigeria is actually workable and there is equally a sense that one can talk about a Nigeria before 1914 and this is based on the premises of the robust inter-group relationship that flourished between the people that formed Nigeria before the colonial era, although they related with each other on the basis of autonomy. Nigeria’s existence is not predicated on any fundamental justice and this is what is making it not workable; but that is not to say it cannot work. There are things that differentiate us and there are equally things that unite us, so we need not to focus on the things that differentiate us but let us concentrate on the things we have in common, the things that unite us.
            There is a need to correct the fundamental defect of the British colonial and amalgamation policies which were rooted in injustice or our hope for a better future Nigeria will remain just a hope. Reforms need to be taken seriously or Nigeria would be heading to Golgotha for crucifixion. We must not live in denial of the fact and reality of history but there is urgent need to correct these defects and to do this, we need to come together and discuss the terms under which we could live together. We need to convoke a council and have a sincere and fair dialogue on how best to live together. This is not a conclusive issue, the country is at the verge of exploding and if nothing is done, we may not be able to reverse the time of disintegration.
WHAT WENT WRONG
            Amalgamation as a concept is needful in a situation of diversity where there are diverse people but should and must not be done under the premises of injustice and preference. The political history of colonialism and the circumstances of amalgamating Nigeria were not voluntary. The amalgamation was not done on the basis of equality or mutual respect of relationship. The formal people of the place called Nigeria was deprived of the opportunity to willingly come together and this is the ultimate problem resulting from the Berlin conference.


CONCLUSION
            To keep Nigeria united is a task that must be done. One may ask on what basis? Justice must be done and this is what is lacking.
            The differences in culture, religion, language and other aspects of life of the Nigerian peoples have made it difficult to form a country of one ideological orientation. This is just a matter of managing and utilizing our diversity. It is pitiable that even after staying together as one country, Nigeria, for close to 100 years, we are still referred to as the peoples of Nigeria.  One can still pose the question who is a Nigerian. Nigeria does not know yet who Nigerians are even as we are in our 50s as an independent developing country. I wonder if it is when the country reaches menopause that these issues would be addressed.
            The peoples of Nigeria in the pre-colonial era had nothing much in common; they were not united, by culture, religion or ideology and for this reason they became strange bed fellows when they were brought together by the British via the amalgamation of 1914. As a result and effect of the principle of divide and rule otherwise known as the indirect rule system, the people of Nigeria were not closely administered together and this brought about local particularism. Hence after the nation’s independence there was and still the difficulty of reconciling the peoples to be united in ideology and orientation as they are from different backgrounds, but this does not call for separation; a solution should be provided to the problem rather.







BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Paul O. Irikefe.  Why Nigeria is not working: the predicament and the promise. Kraft books limited, Sango Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria. 2013.
2. Sally Dyson (Ed).  The birth of Africa’s greatest country, volume2. From the pages of DRUM magazine.  Nigeria. Spectrum books limited, Ibadan.1998.
3. E. Ola. Abiola. 100 questions and answers on West African history. Omolayo standard press and bookshops co. (Nig) Ltd, Ikere road, Ado-Ekiti. 1972.
4. rev. Fr. Mark Eneojo Odah. Wandering in the wilderness, (A critical reflection on Nigeria @ 50. Kingsley’s 15 Monrovia street, New Heaven, Enugu. 2010.
4. Obafemi Awolowo. Thoughts on Nigerian constitution.  Ibadan, Oxford university press. 1966.
5. Michael Omo… Certificate history of Nigeria.



[1] Sally Dyson (Ed).  Nigeria the birth of Africa’s greatest country, volume 2. From the pages of DRUM magazine. spectrum books limited, Ibadan. 1998.
[2] Paul O. Irikefe.  Why Nigeria is not working: the predicament and the promise. Kraft  books limited, Sango Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria. 2013.

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